The European Union (EU) has established ambitious climate neutrality goals for 2050, reinforced by directives such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). These frameworks mandate the widespread adoption of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) and set specific renovation targets, including a 3% annual renovation rate for public buildings under the EED. While these directives provide clear objectives, the practical implementation and understanding of nZEB requirements remain uneven across Member States. Romania’s case offers a revealing lens into these challenges. Through an empirical study of two influential stakeholder groups—developers, who design and build, and public procurers, who establish technical conditions and requirements—this research uncovers critical gaps in policy, understanding, and practice. These findings highlight the pressing need for tailored strategies to bridge the gap between EU goals and national realities.

The study explores the perspectives of developers and procurers, both of whom are instrumental in determining whether buildings meet sustainability and energy efficiency standards. Surveying 193 respondents and conducting expert interviews, the research reveals several key insights that underline systemic challenges in nZEB adoption.

One of the most striking findings is the disparity in awareness between the two groups. While 71% of developers demonstrate familiarity with nZEB concepts, only 5% of public procurers exhibit the same understanding. This knowledge gap highlights the absence of targeted education and capacity-building efforts, particularly for procurers, whose roles are critical in setting the foundational conditions for sustainable projects. Without clear guidance, their ability to implement energy efficiency measures effectively is severely constrained.

Another critical issue is the lack of a coherent and transparent policy framework. Both developers and procurers emphasized the need for clearer regulations and the integration of Green Public Procurement (GPP) criteria. GPP, which sets standards for sustainability in public purchasing, is notably absent in Romania’s approach to nZEB projects. This absence creates ambiguities and undermines trust, transparency, and alignment with broader EU sustainability goals. Developers particularly highlighted the challenges posed by inconsistent regulations and limited access to advanced technologies, while procurers struggled with insufficient incentives and unclear procurement guidelines.

The financial dimension also presents significant barriers. High initial costs remain a shared concern, compounded by the absence of targeted subsidies and incentives to offset these expenses. Developers pointed to limited customer demand and market readiness as additional obstacles, while procurers highlighted the lack of dedicated funding mechanisms to support public projects. These financial constraints reflect broader market failures, where the upfront investment in energy efficiency measures often outweighs perceived long-term benefits.

Despite these challenges, the study identifies important areas of resilience and potential. NGOs and private sector actors are stepping in to fill some of the gaps, conducting awareness campaigns and fostering innovation in the construction sector. However, their efforts alone cannot replace the systematic support that only state-led initiatives can provide. Both groups called for stronger government leadership, with developers advocating for streamlined regulations and procurers emphasizing the importance of state-backed training programs and financial incentives.

Romania’s situation also reflects broader trends within the EU. While official reports often outline generic barriers to nZEB adoption, this study’s grounded, empirical approach highlights country-specific dynamics and the nuanced challenges faced by individual stakeholders. By focusing on real-world experiences, it bridges the gap between high-level policy objectives and the practical realities of implementation.

The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated and targeted strategies to support nZEB adoption in Romania. A clear and coherent policy framework, bolstered by the integration of GPP criteria, is essential to provide transparency and build trust among stakeholders. State-led initiatives must prioritize training and capacity-building for procurers, ensuring they have the knowledge and tools to champion energy-efficient projects. Financial incentives, including grants and subsidies, are equally critical to mitigate the high upfront costs identified as a barrier by both groups.

This research not only highlights Romania’s specific challenges but also offers broader lessons for the EU. Achieving climate neutrality by 2050 requires more than legislative directives; it demands a nuanced understanding of local contexts and stakeholder needs. By addressing systemic barriers and fostering collaboration, Romania can align its construction sector with EU goals and serve as a model for other Member States.

For policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, this study provides a valuable roadmap for bridging the gap between policy and practice. The full article delves deeper into these themes, offering actionable insights into how Romania—and the EU—can accelerate the transition to sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.

Read the full article “Understanding Divergent Views on Nearly Zero- Energy Buildings between Developers and Procurers in Romania” in open access below.